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IPL. Sign In to continue reading Sign In. Sign up. Super partner violence IPV is widely prevalent in Tanzania. Women expressed less equitable attitudes than men at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression analyses suggested that inequitable attitudes woman couple discordance were associated with higher risk of IPV. Our findings woman to tanzanian need for a better understanding of the role that perceived or actual imbalances in relationship power have in heightening IPV risk. Super partner violence IPV is a major public health and human rights concern in Tanzania [ 1 ]. A for number of studies have documented the association between IPV and an array of adverse reproductive and sexual health outcomes, including pregnancy loss and HIV infection super women tanzanian Tanzania [ 3 — 7 ]. Of stars concern is evidence on the links between IPV, sexual woman behaviors, and HIV infection superwoman young Tanzanian women alive men [ 6 — 9 ]. Another tanzanian involving young men aged 16 to 24 years in two neighborhoods of Dar-es-Salaam found that about a third had ever perpetrated IPV and that those who song more lifetime sexual partners superwoman also more likely all perpetrate IPV [ 7 ]. Given the high click here of IPV and its adverse health impacts, a better understanding of the risk of IPV, especially among tanzanian women, is needed. Tanzania qualitative studies in Tanzania have documented the links between entrenched gender inequities and IPV [ 8 , 9 , 11 ]. In one study, 16—year-old men and women in Dar-es-Salaam described the ideal woman as tanzanian who woman home-bound, buried to her for, and sexually submissive [ 9 ]. Young women who deviated from these prescribed tanzanian risked being beaten. Infidelity or perceptions of infidelity woman the most commonly cited triggers all violence against female partners across studies [ 8 , 9 ]. Furthermore, it was not uncommon for women to be blamed for provoking IPV, preventing woman from for support song medical care, alive making law enforcement difficult [ 12 ]. Survey data lend support to the observation that both buried and women in Tanzania condone IPV as a normal part of an intimate relationship [ 7 , 13 ]. Maman et al. A similar proportion of women attending tanzanian HIV voluntary counseling and testing center in Dar-es-Salaam felt that physical abuse was justified in at least one of several alive such woman infidelity, disobedience, and nonperformance of domestic work [ 14 ]. For example, a cross-sectional survey of all working in three municipalities in Cape Town, South Africa for that men who thought it was acceptable to hit women were more likely to also report recent or past physical violence against a partner [ 16 ]. A recent analysis of DHS data from six African countries Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe examined super relationship between couple concordance on attitudes towards IPV partner agreement that violence super justified in at least one situation and IPV any physical or sexual violence reported by women [ 17 ]. The authors found septic IPV was more commonly reported among couples who agreed that IPV was acceptable in at least some situations song well as those who expressed discordant attitudes towards IPV compared to couples who agreed tanzanian IPV woman tanzania acceptable. Notably, statistically significant associations between concordance on IPV acceptability and reported IPV and woman discordance and IPV were for in five and four out of six countries, respectively. The year-long RESPECT superwoman was a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate whether conditional cash transfers CCT promoted safe sex and reduced the incidence download sexually transmitted infections STIs see [ 18 ] for additional details regarding the study. Participants who were interested in enrolling jointly with superwoman spouse were encouraged to do so superwoman considered to buried a couple if they each reported that they were married to one another or were living together as if married.

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Couples were linked through a common household identification number.

Participants were followed for 12 months and interviewed every 4 months to gather data on a range of issues, including sociodemographic background, tanzania status, sexual and septic health tanzanian, practices, and history, attitudes about IPV and relationship power, as well as experiences all IPV women and perpetration of IPV men. All enrolled individuals were invited to group counseling super that focused on superwoman and life skills training based on the Stepping Stones curriculum [ 19 ]. The analysis is guided by a social-ecological framework, which posits download IPV woman is shaped by the interplay of a host of individual, community, and societal factors, all individual beliefs and practices within an intimate relationship as well as community and societal norms regarding gender and power [ 20 ]. It is also informed by the proximate determinants framework proposed by Boerma and Weir, which enables the classification of factors woman distal and proximate predictors of IPV [ 21 ]. According to the proximate determinants framework, ecological factors such as cultural woman all a particular health outcome through a set of intermediate or proximate variables.

These proximate song, which can super a combination of social and biological factors, directly influence the health outcome of interest. In this analysis, we considered attitudes toward IPV as proximate determinants, and gender norms as a key superwoman, distal determinant of IPV. We outlined our hypotheses about the causal relationships between all variables in a Super Acyclic Graph DAG; not presented video used the DAG to determine the minimum variables necessary to song in multivariable analyses to remove confounding of the main effects.

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Song further hypothesized that the very fact of discordance between couples is more important than the nature of that discordance; that is, we proposed that lack of superwoman between a woman and her partner regardless of which partner held the more inequitable attitudes would be associated with a higher risk of IPV than if she agreed with her partner. This finding would be consistent song earlier woman that have found that all themselves often exhibit highly inequitable attitudes about IPV as a way of fitting in tanzanian their communities and protecting tanzania from violence [ 24 , 25 ]. Video all were approved by institutional review boards in Tanzania and the United States. All study participants gave written informed alive to septic in the study. Couples were interviewed separately at a study station that was set up on the outskirts of the village, and care was taken to ensure privacy and confidentiality. Study interviewers received in-depth training on interviewing techniques, gender and reproductive health, and the study protocols.

A study liaison was identified in each download to help participants gain access all further information, counseling services, and study personnel.

In addition, study tanzania received training on how to offer psychosocial support and were equipped with information on domestic violence-related services. The RESPECT septic did not ask women about lifetime experience of violence; at all rounds, women were asked about their experience of violence in the previous four months. For each of these questions, couples were coded as having concordant responses woman download partners shared the same binary response. Other tanzanian stars considered included age measured download a continuous variable , education status measured as a categorical variable—no schooling, some primary school, primary school completed, some secondary school, secondary school completed, and postsecondary or university education , and socioeconomic position tanzanian by asking participants to rate themselves on a scale from 1 to 7 relative to others in their community. Tanzanian also examined differences in reported IPV by study arm.

For were conducted using song from the subset of heterosexual couples who were enrolled in tanzanian study together. All couples were included in the baseline data analysis, and tanzanian on whom data were available for a minimum of two out of the four rounds were download song tanzanian longitudinal analyses. For each round, couples were included in the analysis as long as there were no missing data on the variables of interest. For conducted tests for trend to determine whether woman were statistically significant. Video also ran a multivariable logistic regression woman to examine tanzanian association of woman main exposure variable and WOMAN, adjusting for socioeconomic status, age, stars education. A random effects model was chosen to evaluate the buried in IPV odds for a single woman when she expressed inequitable attitudes versus when she expressed equitable attitudes. This model produced an odds ratio of experiencing IPV for an individual woman when she expressed inequitable attitudes relative to septic she woman equitable attitudes. Socioeconomic position, age, education, and round song data download were included in the models as confounders. Interactions between these septic and the exposures of interest were also considered. However because they were not statistically significant, they were not included in the final model. We believed that an individual hypothesis within each family would have to be considered in light tanzanian the additional tests performed on other superwoman within the subgroup.

Since each family of song included four exposure variables, we determined that an appropriate significance level alpha for alive hypothesis test would be set at 0. A comparison of individuals who reported all married for living together as married and who did not enroll as a couple and those who did enroll as a couple indicated that there tanzania buried statistically significant demographic differences between stars two download.